5H2O. The typical dislocation density in the LEC material is around 1×104 cm−2. They are best used unbiased but, unlike indium arsenide, are capable of being operated up to a 10 V bias. 2005, 2008; Woods and Fowler 1982). Administration of colloidal hydrated IO by this route produced necrosis of cells in the liver and spleen (Castronovo, 1970; Castronovo and Wagner, 1971; Downs et al., 1959; Stern et al., 1967). Reproduced material should be attributed as follows: If the material has been adapted instead of reproduced from the original RSC publication Follow the appropriate hyperlinks for definitions of each radius type. Phys. Figure 1. They are destroyed by bias voltages in excess of 1 V and are only separated in the photoconductive mode. Tools. 2021-02-27. Their bright fluorescence signals are stable for hours at a time, allowing for continuous imaging of potentially malignant tissue [103]. C. Burgess, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005. In vitro exposure studies of rat thymocytes to soluble indium chloride were found to induce apoptosis (Bustamente et al., 1997). Using this effect, efficient waveguides can be designed (Fig. Indium arsenide is the least widely used compound. [28] These lasers are widely used for chemical sensing and pollution control. In vitro exposure studies of rat thymocytes to soluble indium chloride were found to induce apoptosis (Bustamante et al., 1997). An arsenide, an anion with the charge -3, is a rare mineral group consisting of compounds of one or more metals with arsenic (As). The testicular toxicity of indium arsenide was evaluated by Omura et al., (1996a,b), who found no evidence of testicular toxicity for this compound at doses of 7.7 mg/kg administered by intratracheal instillation a total of 14 times. After the bond, it becomes known as a covalent compound. and ECHA classified GaAs in 2010 as a carcinogen and reproductive toxin: Y. Takeda, A. Sasaki, Y. Imamura, and T. Takagi, "Electron mobility and energy gap of, T.P. 2007; Madhukar et al. Other studies (Fowler et al., 1983; Woods and Fowler, 1982; Woods et al., 1979) into the intracellular mechanisms of indium-induced cell injury have demonstrated marked disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum associated with a marked alteration of cellular heme metabolism in both hepatocytes and renal proximal tubule cells. 2 Names and Identifiers Expand this section. 2006-07-08. The free carrier absorption in the heavily doped layers is reduced by the addition of low-doped spacers in the waveguide on both sides of the active zone. In 1980, Pearsall developed a photodiode design that exploits the uniquely short diffusion time of high mobility of electrons in GaInAs, leading to an ultrafast response time. As already mentioned, two points—high-gain active zone and low-losses waveguide—are fundamental for the realization of a high-performance QCL. (1993) demonstrated both altered protein expression patterns in kidneys of hamsters treated with indium, arsenic, or indium arsenide particles. TAKE A LOOK : GALLIUM ARSENIDE (GaAs) CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. 2005). Lead (II) bromide- PbBr2. A single intravenous injection of indium chloride has been reported to cause extensive necrosis of the renal proximal tubules both in rats (3.6 mg/kg) and mice (16.5 mg/kg) (Castronovo, 1970; Castronovo and Wagner, 1971; Downs et al., 1959). Pulmonary inflammation was observed at 14 weeks, and alveolar and bronchiolar carcinomas were noted in both male and female mice. No strong requirement has so far arisen for lower dislocation content crystals, although techniques such as VGF could in principle be applied. [19][20] This structure was further developed and subsequently named the UTC, or uni-travelling carrier photodiode. In a chip housing the Hall probe is typically 0.3–0.8 mm behind the surface of the housing. This set includes ionic compounds and covalent molecules. In 2014, Researchers at Penn State University developed a novel device prototype designed to test nanowires made of compound semiconductors such as InGaAs. Eight days after treatment, only rats at the 62-μg/kg dose level had pulmonary inflammation. Mode intensity and refractive index profiles of a plasmon-enhanced InAs waveguide. GaInAs can be used as a laser medium. They are useful as fluorescent markers following excitation by an external light source, and can be used to specifically target tumor biomarkers [17]. REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) is a European initiative to classify and regulate materials that are used, or produced (even as waste) in manufacturing. Nickel(II) sulfate- NiSO4. Inhalation of these gases neutralizes oxygen absorption by the bloodstream and can be fatal within a few minutes if toxic dose levels are exceeded. Ionic: Manganese (IV) oxide-MnO2. The charge weight is about 1 kg for 2-inch diameter growth, which is currently the largest substrate size required. 2005-08-08. A diagonal design, more commonly used in an InP QCL, appeared to be less efficient in this system because of the height of the barriers. Because these processes include inflammation, a marker for many disease states, several gallium salts are used (or are in development) as pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals in medicine. Lower hemoglobin and neutrophil counts have been observed in rats, mice, and rabbits injected with ionic indium (Downs et al., 1959; McCord et al., 1942; Steidle, 1933; Yoshikawa and Hasegawa, 1971). The growth of such thin layers introduces many difficulties and results in inhomogeneous broadening of the gain. Endotracheal exposure of rats to indium selenide has been reported to produce acute pulmonary toxicity in rats, characterized by a marked inflammatory reaction (Morgan et al., 1995). Both GaAs and InP are in phase 1 evaluation. Other important innovations include the integrated photodiode – FET receiver[23] and the engineering of GaInAs focal-plane arrays.[24]. For p-type doping, zinc is the acceptor impurity, providing carrier concentrations up to the low 1018 cm−3 range and mobilities of 200–300 cm−2 V−1 s−1. 2006 for a review) or indium arsenide (Van Hulle et al. The energy of photon emission is a fraction of the bandgap energy. Arsenide anions have no existence in solution since they are extremely basic. All antimonide QCLs to date have been made on InAs substrates. Follow the appropriate hyperlinks for definitions of each radius type. Zinc sulfate - ZnSO4. Schematic view of a Hall probe. However, the InAs-based waveguide is not suitable for wavelengths shorter than 4 μm, because of interband absorption across the bandgap of InAs. 26/02/2021 Uncategorized (iii) Electropositive character Beryllium like aluminium is less electropositive due to their small ionic radii. The NTP (Gunnels et al., 2001) studied indium phosphide toxicity (by inhalation of indium phosphide particulates) in mice and rats at 14 weeks and 2 years. Ungvary and coworkers (2000, 2001) and Morvai and coworkers (2001) studied the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of indium chloride administration in rabbits and rats (Ungvary et al., 2000), the hemodynamics of the placenta in rats (Morvai et al., 2001), and chondrogenic ossification in rats (Ungvary et al., 2001). The gallium moiety may be responsible for lung cancers observed in female rats, Classification & labelling in accordance with Directive 67/548/EEC. The preliminary studies showed that InAs was relatively more toxic than GaAs as judged by urinary proteinuria patterns and that the observed cellular proteomic response patterns varied as a function of gender (Fowler et al., 2005). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY | Detection Devices*, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Molecular Biological Markers for Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Hall effect sensors are based on a thin film of semiconducting material (typically, The renal toxicity of indium after ionic indium salt exposure or exposure to III–V semiconductors such as, An Overview of Nanomaterials in Dermatology, Quantum dots are derived from semiconductor materials, including cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, indium phosphide, and, Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Third Edition), ) demonstrated both altered protein expression patterns in kidneys of hamsters treated with indium, arsenic, or, Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Fourth Edition), Castronovo, 1970; Castronovo and Wagner, 1971; Downs et al., 1959, Castronovo, 1970; Castronovo and Wagner, 1971; Downs et al., 1959; Stern et al., 1967, Downs et al., 1959; McCord et al., 1942; Steidle, 1933; Yoshikawa and Hasegawa, 1971, Fowler et al., 1983; Woods and Fowler, 1982; Woods et al., 1979, demonstrated altered protein expression patterns in the kidneys of hamsters treated with indium, arsenic, or, Gottschling et al., 2001; Gunnels et al., 2001; NTP, 2001, OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY | Wavelength Selection Devices. Create . Indium arsenide exposure has also been shown to produce a specific proteinuria pattern which is different and more severe than that observed with gallium arsenide at an equal dose (Fowler et al. Viele Übersetzungsbeispiele, die nach Aktivitäten kategorisiert wurden, mit “indium-arsenide band gap” – Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und intelligenten Übersetzungs assistent. Implantation of indium-treated silver disks into rabbits has been found to produce only foreign body reactions (Harrold et al., 1943). Calcium sulfate- CaSO4. *Response times vary by subject and question complexity. Its main application is as a substrate for the growth of mid-infrared LEDs and detectors, and as a magnetic field sensor, due to its large Hall coefficient. These kinds of sensors with typical dimensions of the sensitive element of 0.6 mm×0.2 mm are often combined with an amplifier. Once GaInAs is deposited as a thin film on a substrate, it is basically inert and is resistant to abrasion, sublimation or dissolution by common solvents such as water, alcohols or acetones. Here Song et al. They have a fast rise time (∼100 ns) and give excellent performance at room temperature. Contents. Devices have been constructed that operate at wavelengths of 905 nm, 980 nm, 1060 nm, and 1300 nm. The following are calculated values of valence shell orbital radii, R max. Similar findings of inflammation linked to oxidative stress were observed in male and female rats exposed to an indium phosphide aerosol for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for up to 105 weeks (Gottschilling et al., 2001). A complete description of these studies which compared the relative toxicity of GaAs and InAs particles is provided elsewhere (Conner et al., 1993, 1995) but the primary focus was to evaluate the relative toxicity of these two major III–V semiconductor compounds in relation to each other and in relation to proteomic cellular responses in vivo since relatively little basic toxicology data was available on them. More sophisticated designs are available involving only dielectric layers which give much greater transmittance but the basic principles are the same. Eight days after treatment, only rats treated with the 62-μg/kg dose level had pulmonary inflammation. In 2012 MIT researchers announced the smallest transistor ever built from a material other than silicon.
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